Your right Rini- laws of chance and probability. Rini <[log in to unmask]> wrote:> that of the resulting pups, half of them will be > carriers as well. This has been a good discussion, and I'm learning all the time (and could use to, says my teenager ). Actually, the incidence of a trait showing up in 50% of the pups works out if there are thousands of pups...most litters are smaller. With a small sample size litter of 3 to10, the probability of a pup being a carrier is a coin flip and not much effected by percentages. All could have it, or maybe none have it. You can easily get five heads in a row with that coin... Rini "They say I have ADD but they just don't under... HEY, A CHICKEN!"