Hello all, We've analyzed a series of midge head capsules from a lough in western Ireland and find that the fractionation factor (1.028) published by Woller et al. results in calculated water d18O values that are about 8 per mil too low. Is anyone aware of other modern calibration studies of these head capsules? Is there any other explanation for this large offset between expected values and those observed? Cheers, Bill -- Dr. William P. Patterson Professor and Director of the Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory Department of Geological Sciences University of Saskatchewan 114 Science Place Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2 Canada Phone: 306-966-5691(office); 306-966-5712(lab) Email: [log in to unmask] Web: http://geochemistry.usask.ca/bill.html