Dear Ihsan, for the oxygen isotope fractionation between MnCO3 and water, there is only one experimental study of Jim O'Neil from 1969 yet published. Theroretically, Golyshev et al (1981) and Zheng (1997) have also derived the temperature dependence. A few years ago, I did some low-temperature experiments on the formation of Ca-rhodochosites using precipitation and transformation reactions, and observed that 18O is enriched in these carbonates when compared to pure calcite, in agreement with theoretical predictions. Also under hydrothermal conditions (100-150C), the 18O/16O partitioning during aragonite replacements matched the calculated values. Ciao Michael ****************************************************** Dr Michael E. Boettcher Department of Biogeochemistry Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology Celsiusstr.1 D-28359 Bremen, FRG *****************************************************