Dear David, Another facto, not yet mentioned in the other reactions, is the "smoothness" of your tubing inner walls. Micropores might take a long time to empty, even in a good vacuum system. Treatment with acid rather increases this micropore problem, and is not advisable to my opinion. In any case, after having your nickel tubes exposed to air - as also Torsten states - it takes a couple of runs to have them right again: first reacting blank and next with a lab standard till the yield and delta value are acceptable (normally I had one bad standard after the blank and further good values on the line I worked at most). A copper brush as Torsten prefers to use sounds rather rough to me and might cause increased roughness in the tubes. I should prefer to use Scotch Brite to avoid any scratches in the inside. Cheerio, Pier de Groot ************************************************************** Dr. P.A. de Groot University of the Witwatersrand Economic Geology Research Unit Department of Geology Private Bag 3 2050 Johannesburg South Africa Tel. +27 11 7162564 Fax. +27 11 3391697 E-mail <[log in to unmask]> Visit the combined HOME-PAGE of EGRU-Geology on the Internet: http://www.wits.ac.za/science/geology/1stpage.htm **************************************************************