On 19 June, David L. Dettman wrote: ... Does anyone have thoughts on how long the mixed waters should sit aroundbefore use in order to allow H2O + D2O to go to 2HDO? What is the rate of diffusion / exchange? Is there a catalyst we could use to speed this up (if it is slow)? Proton mobilities in water are very high and can be represented by reactions such as: H20 + H3O+ = H3O+ + H2O (k1 = 10.6 +/- 4 x 10**9 litre mol(-1) sec(-1)) thus the half life of the proton transfer reaction for this second order exchange is about 2 x 10-12 sec. There will be an isotope effect for deuterium (deuton?) exchange that would decrease the exchange rate constant, but in practical terms the deuterium exchange reaction would still be instantaneous. So the short answer is that the exchange is practically instantaneous. In artificially prepared tracer water, say up to +1000 per mille, the contribution of D2O to mass 4 is vanishingly small. Jeffrey Turner ============================================================================= Dr Jeffrey Turner Centre for Groundwater Studies CSIRO Land and Water Phone: +61 (0)8 9 333 6314 (International: Private Bag Fax: +61 (0)8 9 387 8211 Delete 0) PO Wembley WA 6014 E-mail: [log in to unmask] Australia WWW: http://www.clw.csiro.au =============================================================================